Jewelry, watches, fashion of high quality
Welcome to this online store where
you can find quality jewelry items and watches for an affordable prize. Pleace click on the banners
to learn more or buy. Further down there is some
information about the chemical and physical structure of gemstones.
Good shops of gemstones and jewelry
Robust ornates for active people, made of titanium, tungsten carbide, carborundum and other tough noble materials
Luxury Italian and European jewelry, apparel, bags, shoes and decors of high artistic value. By clicking at this product link you will find this product and see the whole store too
A great diamond shop, but also a great inventory of pieces with colored stones, engagement and wedding rings is also a speciality. Also many fine watches.
A general store with a lot of jewelry and apparel, much body jewelry and a great inventory of watches for very law prices.
A store for discounted electronics and software, including smart watches, digital watches and analog watches
Some of the jewelry products and watches exhibited
Some good beauty care and health care products
Instantwriclereduser - a serum for the skin to instantly reduce wrincles and give it a smooth young look - This topical serum contains a peptid that works in the same way as botox. It makes wrincling cramps in the fine muscles under the skin cease. The serum also helps the skin to ratain moisture better, which also takes away wricles. The full effect lasts around 8 hours.
To get strong allertness, strong thinking agility and excellent memory functions - Brain Pills - These pills contain natural nutritions and stimulants for the brain power and to recuperate from brain weakening due to age, exhausting daily life or faulty nutrition. The pills will make you more allert, better to concentrate, remember better and better to solve problems.
StrawberryNET.com - All products of all major brands of cometics, make-up and skin care for favourable prices
An effective and clinically verified cream
to reduce scars and consequences of skin injuries
An effective and clinically proven cream to reduce wrincles and aging signs
Natural products to rejuvenate your skin, your body appearance and your physiology
- Please choose that of the following good and clinically tested rejuvenation products that fits your need best. By going through the links you will find a thorrough decription of each product.:
A generally working natural rejuvenation drug:
Drug to stimulate rejuvenation of the skin.
A product for men to achieve a more vigorous production of male sex hormones, that can increase the sthrength of all sexual functions, make a man feel more vigorous and make it easier to build muscles:
A natural drug for men from the middle ages and above to reestablish capacities of the sexual life:
Provestra - Herbal capsules for women to enhance the sexual drive and good feelings in the genitals, to make the clitoris and vulva engorge better during excitement, to make more lubricating secretions, enhance potency for orgasm, reduce distress in heavy periods like the menstruation, and give these effects all day and night - please go here
VigRXPlus - Capsules for men based on herbal extracts to stimulate the penis to erect longer and thicker, to increase the potency for erection all day and night and to increase the good sexual drive and feelings in the intimate parts and the mind - please click here
Useful information
About noble metals
Properties and definitions about
gemstones
Chemistry and physics of gemstones - down on this page
About the minerals and gemstones in
the quarts group
Gemstones in the corundum group -
rubines and saphires
Beryl group gemstones, garnets,
topaz
What characterizes dive watche
Tourmaline group gemstones
Lapiz lazul
How does gemstones get their colours
About perls and nacre
About gemstone structure - the chemistry and physics of gemstones
A stone consists of one mineral or more
minerals glued together. A mineral is a solid piece with a uniform chemical
composition. Minerals can be divided in the cathegories crystaline minerals,
glasses, fibrous minerals and flake minerals.
CRYSTALLINE MINERALS
In a crystaline mineral, molecules, atomes or ions are arranged into bigger threedimensional objects in a regular fasion, giving also these object a regular form. Each object is called a crystal. The chemical binding within each crystal can vary.
Crystals often consists of atoms bounded together with covalent bridges, polar covalent bridges or ionic bridges, so that the whole crystal is actually an enormous molecule. Most minerals actually are of this kind. Diamonds is a very typical example of this.
In other crystals there are molecules with atoms bound together with covalent or polar covalent bridges. The molecules again are bound together with electrostatic attraction between parts of the molecules with opposite electrical polarity, or are attracted by Can.Der-Waals forces.
The crystals can be of various shape. Crystals are cathegorized acording to their shape an the way the atoms or mulecules fit together inside the crystals. The way atoms or molecules in the crystal are bound together determine the outer shape of a crystal.
Crystals are either formed from solutions of substances in water or when a molten material cools. If there is no physical hinderance during the crystallisation process, the crystals wil get a regular shape, and can grow to a big piece. However, often several crystals form togeher, and at some point they will hinder the growth of each other. The result will then be a piece consisting of many crystals with an irregular shape. Sometimesthes crystals under growth will be fastend to a surface and grow out from this surface. Internal cavities in a rock will often be covered with crystals grown out in this way.
The crystals are again glued together with electrostatic attraction between adjacent oppositely electrical loaded parts on their surface, but the attractive forces between the crystals are less than those within the crystals.
GLASSES
In a glass, there are small or bigger molecules of a uniform shape where atoms
are bound together with covalent or polar-covalent bounds. The molecules are
again bound together by electrostatic forces between parts of the molecules with
opposite electric charge, but they are not grouped together in a regular
fashion.
FIBROUS SEMICRYSTALLINE MINERALS
In a fibrous semicrystalline mineral, there are long thredlike molecules. These can be of various length. In these molecules atoms are bound together with covalent or polar-covalent bridges.
The long molecules are again bound together by electrostatic forces between parts of the molecules with opposite electric chage, and the molecules are arranged in a more or less regular fashion along each other into bigger objects. This fasion is so regular that the objects form this way is a sort of a crystal.
These objects can fairly easily be split along the direction of the fibres, sometimes into fine threads. These threads can even be used to spin clothes or fabric from. An example of this is asbestos.
FIBROUS GLASSES
In a fibrous glass, there are long thredlike molecules. These can be of various length. In these molecules atoms are bound together with covalent or polar-covalent bridges.
The long molecules are again bound together by electrostatic forces between parts of the molecules with opposite electric chage, but the fibres are lumped together and threaded around each other withoutany order.
A fibrous glass cannot easily be split up in threads.
FLAKE MINERALS
In a flake mineral, there are flat molecules of various size, sometimes with a very large areal, called flakes. In these flakes atoms are bound together with covalent or polar-covalent bridges.
The flakes are again piled upon each other and bound together by electrostatic forces between parts of the flakes with opposite electric chage. This fasion is so regular that the objects form this way is a sort of a crystal.
These objects can fairly easily be split along the direction of the fibres, sometimes into fine threads. These threads can even be used to spin clothes or fabric from. An example of this is asbestos.
SOME PROPERTIES FOUND IN MINERALS
Foreign molecules that do not form a regular part of the framework may also be dispersed in the crystal or glass.
The stable color of a mineral is either due to the colour of the basic crystal framework, or due to foreign molechules.
Colour can also be due to breaking of the light in a crystal, like the colour play in diamonds, or be due to interference in the framework. Colour due to these effects will generally vary with the light falling onto the stone or with the angle one sees the stone from.
CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF
MINERALS AND GEMSTONES
Chemically minerals can be divided in these main types:
- Pure non-metallic elements, like diamonds and graphite that consist only of carbone. Sulphur also is an element found in the pure form.
- Pure metallic elements: Only gold, silver and sometimes copper is found as pure unbound metals.
- Compositions of one or more metal elements (or half-metal elements) and one or more electro-negative element. The electro-negative element can be oxygen, halogen, sulphate, phosphate, silicate and many others. This is the most abundant type. The bindig between these elements will be either ionic or polar covalent.
- Compositions of elements of more or less the same elctronegativity or electropositivity.
- Water or other polar elements can be trapped in a crystal lattice between the other elements and contribute to the structure or propertis of the lattice.
All these properties of minerals also are properties of gemstones. What distinguishes a gemstone from other minerals are actully these factors: They look nice, they are hard and durable and they have a consistance that makes it possible to cut and form them.
THE PHYSICAL STRENGTH OF
MINERALS AND GEMSTONES
The physial strength is an important property of minerals and also gemstones. The strengh is a fuction of the type of binding in the crystal.
A crystal consisting or atoms bound together in a continous threedimmensional framework with covalent binding tend to be the strongest. The most typical example is diamonds. A diamond is actially a gigant molecule of carbon atoms bound together with covalent bounds.
Another good example is corundum (rubys and saphirs). A corundum crystal consists of aluminum and oxygen bound together with polar covalent bindings.
When the crystal consists of molecules, the molecules are not bound so strongly together and the crystal gets less strong.
Firbous minerals and flake minerals are usually very strong for cleavage in some directions and less strong in other directions.
Also crystals consisting of atoms bound together have different strength in different directions. By excering force in a direction where the force encounters few covalent bonds, cleavage more esily occure than in directions where many covalent bonds must be broken.
Glasses can be strong because the molecules in the glass are not only attracted to each other, but also are twinned into each other. By excerting force in any direction, one must either brake covalent bonds or one must pull intertwinned molecules of out from other.
Because glasses do not have eny regular oredering of the molecules, glasses do not break up easily along given olanes and the boken surface of glasses tend to be irregular.