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The Abicana store
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Mail: K-holt2@online.no
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Jewelry, watches, hot fashion
Welcome to this online store where you can find quality items for an affordable prize. Pleace click on the banners to learn more or buy
Jewelry - JewelBasket.com - wedding rings, engagement rings, masonic rings, titanium rings, earrings, pendants, necklaces & bracelets, dress rings, pearls, opals, gifts for special occasions, religious jewelry, men's, hot diamonds , silver.
Body jewelry
- Jewelry for the ears, lips, eyebrows, navel, nostrils and any piercing points. Also piersing aftercare, temporary tatto, apparel, neclaces, pendants and more.
Watches - PrincetonWatches.com - Many brands are present like: Citizen , Casio , Chase-Durer , Hamilton , Movado , Oakley , Pulsar, Seiko , Suunto watches
Shop for Dive Watches - Best Price & Selection
Shop for Seiko Watches at Great Prices
Two examples of the many watches available
Fashion and apparel of the latest trends
CoutureCandy - apparel from famous
fashion designers
Create your own style T-shirts, underwear, sportswear and other clothes - SpreadShirt designer
- By clicking at the banners here, you get into a page with tools you can use to decide how your clothes shall look. Then you can order the clothes with your chosen background colors, pictures, ornaments, tecture, accessories and texts. You have hundreds of pictures to choose from and you can make your own texts. You can make clothes with your personal design for children, teenage girls and boys and adult men and women.If you live in America, please click at this banner.
If your home is in UK, please click here.
Some other items
StrawberryNET.com
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Famous quality cosmetics for good prizes -
For men and women. Worldwide shipping. All cosmetic preparations from each producent.
A few producent examples: Anna Sui, Biotherm , Borghese , Bvlgari , Carita ,
Cellex-C, Chanel, Christian Dior , Clarins, Clinique, Darphin , Decleor ,
Dermalogica , Estee Lauder , Guerlain, Guinot.
Protecting and caring make-up - Makeup that also gives protection and treatment against skin damage. Also corrective make-up that covers skin defects. Skin care, day care, night care, foundation beige - fairy light - light - fair - medium - tan - dark, cleanser, body care, lipsticks, lip gloss, lip liner, shadow, blush, flower water treatment, loose setting powder, remover, eye make up, face make-up, nail color and treatment, hair care, shampoo, hair cleansing, treatment for dry or fat hair, perfume for men and women, eau de cologne, eau de toilette, after shave, cover cream, leg and body cover cream, smooth indulgence foundation, skin caring foundation, concealing treatment make-up, corrective leg and body make-up.
Examples of make-up brands: Bare Escentials, Dermablend, City Cosmetics, Exuviance.
Emblex Day Cream
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Protecting and rejuvinating day cream to use alone or under make-up.
Emblex incorporates all the advantages of modern cosmetic science, but
formulated only with pure, natural ingredients. Gentle to the skin, Emblex eases
away the stress and inflammation that cause premature wrinkling and
discoloration. Never heavy or greasy. Emblex absorbs immediately, with
gentle, wrinkle smoothing action that continues for up to 16 hours after
application. The benefits to the skin are cumulative, so that your skin improves
steadily by regular use. Rebuilds your skin to be soft, smooth, and supple again.
By clicking at this banner, you will find this and other products for
regenerating skin treatment.
Useful information
Here are some information about gemstone colors. For more information articles about jewelry - please click here
How do gemstones get their colors
A gemstone consist of one or more crystals with atoms or molecules (consisting of several atoms) are bound together in a regular framwork fashion, called a crystal lattice.
White light consists of light with a lot of wavelengths, perceived as different colours when they hit the eyes. When white light falls into the atoms in the crystal lattice, some of the wavelengths are absorbed by the individual atoms or by the structure of the lattice. The energy in the waves absorbed is converted to heat.
Some of the light that is not absorbed is reflected from the surface, and some will be let through the gemstone.
Since the light reflected and the light comming through will have selected wavelengths, this light will look coloured.
However, tho light falling on a gemstone is not allways perfectly white. If one of the wavelengths normally let through or reflected lacks from the light falling in, the gemstone will look different than in white light. If the light falling in totally lacks the wavelengths normally let through, the gemstone will look black in that light.
The crystal lattice can have foreign atoms or small foreign molecules dissolved or trapped between the atoms making up the framework of the crystal, for example iron, copper, cromium or water. Also these dissolved elements can absorb light of certain wavelengths and contribute to the colour of the gemstone.
Different pieces of the same basic type of stone can have different dissolved substances. Many types of gemstones therefore are found in different colours, and even one and the same stone can have different dissolved substances from place to place, giving the stone colour shadings. Sometimes different coloured gemstones of the same type has different names. An example of this is corrundum that can be found in the gemstone variants rubuine and saphire.
Some types of atoms in a stone often give some typical colours. Iron will often give a red or brown colour, copper will often give the stone a green colour, cobalt gives blue.
It is often possible to change the colour of a stone by dissolving foreign elements in the stone. Agats are often artificially coloured in this way.
Light falling into a gemstone will be refracted, but the different wavelengths will be refracted in different degrees. Thus the different wavelengths comming through will be spatially separated and the stone will show several simultaneous colours. Therefore the refraction process will also contribute to the colour of the stone. However, colours from the refration process will vary according to the angles from which one regards the stone, and the angles from which the light falls into the stone.
Gemstones can be composed of many crystals composed together, or be cut in a complicated way with many facets. A crystal can also have a lot of tiny cracks in the lattice. In these cases the stone will show a very complicated colour play resulting from simultaneous refraction in all parts of the stone. Diamonds are usually cut in such a way to maximize this process.
Certain atoms or crystal structures absorbe light, but sends the energy immediately out again in the form of light with a different wavelength. This is called fluorscence. Flourescence is also a way by which a stone gets its colour.
In some rare instances, the energy absorbed is stored in the stone for some time, and sent out again slowly in the form of light with a characteristic colour. A gemstone having this property will seem to glow in the dark. This phenomenon is called phosphorescence. Ultraviolet light from the sun can sometimes cause phosphorescence in some minerals.
Sometimes the crystal of a stone contains inclusions of foreign elements that are greater than dissolved individual atoms or molecules. The size of such inclusions can vary from microscopic objects to small grains visible by the eye. They can be small crystals of other minerals, small drops of water or small drops of oily substances. Such inclusions can absorb wavelengths of their own, they will refract light and can show fluroescence. Such inclusions will give a gemstone a complicated colour play. An example of this is the gemstone opal that contain small drops of water giving the stone a complicated colour play.
If the inclusions are great enough, they can also give the gemstone a myriad of tiny spots of different color than the ground color of the stone.
What substances or structures make the different colours
Colors can originate form the main components or the crystal lattice, but often the colors comes from impurities in the crystal lattice, replacing the regular ions.
Mostly colors originate in metal ions form the transient groups in the periodic table. These have an incomplete set of 3d-electrons. The elecrons in these elements can absorbe visible light of certail wavelengths, and thus light passing through or being reflected will lack these wavelengths and thus become colored.
In other instances color originate from impurities of atoms having another number of valences that the main atoms of the lattice. This makes it possible for binings to be broken and new bindings reappear with another valence electron. There may be an energy difference between two such althernative bindings and this shift can be made by absorbtion of energy from frequences of visible light. Such inclusions are called color centers.
In still other gemstones there is exchange of electrons between two adjacent transition metal ions of differing oxidation states. The energy needed to transfer an electron from one ion to another corresponds to the energy of visible light. This is called intervalence transition.
Clear / colorless - In this case little light is absobed, and the light absorbed are of all wavelengths. Crystals having cilicone or calcium as positive ions / elements in the lattice, generally are white. Examples are quarts crystals.
White - Also in this case little light is absorbed, but there are millions of small elements whithin the stone or crystal that defract and reflect the light.
Red - Red often originate in cromium present as impurities in the shape of cr3+-ions. Red may also come from iron (fe2+) present as impurities or as apart of th ecrystal lattice itself.
Green - Green is also often caused by cromium (Cr2+) in the lattice, and sometimes iron (fe2+)
Blue or bluish-green - Copper (Cu2+) often makes this color.
The color caused by a ion cannot allways be predicted, because adjacent ions also play a role. The following table shows how different elements can cause different colors in various minerals:
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Alexandrite
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Al2BeO4
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Red/Green
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Cr3+ replacing Al3+ in
octahedral site
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Diamond
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C | Colorless, pale blue or yellow | Color centers from nitrogen atoms trapped in crystal |
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Emerald
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Be3Al2(SiO3)6
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Green
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Cr3+ replacing Al3+ in
octahedral site
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Garnet
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Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
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Red
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Fe2+ replacing Mg2+ in
8-coordinate site
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Peridot
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Mg2SiO4
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Yellow-green
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Fe2+ replacing Mg2+ in
6-coordinate site
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Ruby
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Al2O3
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Red
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Cr3+ replacing Al3+ in octahedral sites
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Sapphire
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Al2O3
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Blue
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Intervalence transition between Fe2+
and Ti4+ replacing Al3+ in adjacent octahedral sites
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Tourmaline
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Na3Li3Al6(BO3)3(SiO3)6F4
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Pink
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Mn2+ replacing Li+ and
Al3+ in octahedral site
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Turquoise
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Al6(PO4)4(OH)8
• 4H2O
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Blue-green
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Cu2+ coordinated to 4 OH¯
and 2 H2O
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Aquamarine
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Be3Al2(SiO3)6
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Blue
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Intervalence transition between Fe2+
and Fe3+ replacing Al3+ in adjacent octahedral sites
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